Ingredient directory

The pungent alkaloid isolated from black pepper fruit, used in tiny amounts to raise the absorption of other ingredients rather than for its own effects.

Typical: 5–20 mg

A lipid-sterol extract of saw palmetto berries, standardized to fatty acids, that is the most widely used botanical in men's prostate and urinary-comfort products.

Typical: 320 mg

Cranberry extract is prepared from the whole fruit or juice of Vaccinium macrocarpon and is characterized by A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) that are studied for anti-adhesion activity against bacteria in the urinary tract.

Typical: 250–500 mg

Nettle root is the underground part of Urtica dioica, distinct from the leaf in both chemistry and use.

Typical: 300–600 mg

Moringa is the dried, milled leaf of Moringa oleifera, a fast-growing tree cultivated across South Asia and Africa.

Typical: 1–3 g

Nettle leaf is the dried aerial part of Urtica dioica, a nutrient-dense green used in traditional European herbalism and in modern seasonal and immune formulas.

Typical: 300–600 mg

Pumpkin seed extract is derived from the seeds of Cucurbita pepo and is rich in phytosterols, tocopherols, and zinc-bearing proteins.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg