Ingredient directory

Melatonin is the hormone the pineal gland releases in darkness to signal night to the body clock.

Typical: 0.5–3 mg

A generic greens blend is a placeholder for the dried plant powders typical of greens products: cereal grasses such as wheatgrass and barley grass, spirulina and chlorella, leafy vegetables like spinach and kale, and often fruit or vegetable extracts.

Typical: 3–10 g

Apple cider vinegar powder is liquid vinegar spray-dried onto a carrier such as maltodextrin or cyclodextrin so it can be used in capsules and gummies.

Typical: 500–1,500 mg

MSM is an organic sulfur compound found in small amounts in plants, milk, and the body.

Typical: 1,500–3,000 mg

Maltodextrin is a partially hydrolyzed starch consisting of short glucose chains, characterized by a dextrose-equivalent (DE) value that indicates how far the starch has been broken down.

Typical: 15–30 g

Myo-inositol is a sugar alcohol the body makes from glucose and the most abundant inositol isomer in cells, where it forms the backbone of phosphatidylinositol signaling lipids and the second messengers that relay insulin and hormone signals.

Typical: 2–4 g

Hyaluronic acid is a large glycosaminoglycan that holds water in skin, joint fluid, and connective tissue.

Typical: 80–200 mg

Spirulina is a dried cyanobacterium (Arthrospira platensis or A.

Typical: 1–5 g

Dextrose is crystalline D-glucose, usually produced by hydrolyzing corn starch.

Typical: 10–30 g

An amino sugar that is a building block of cartilage glycosaminoglycans, sold as the sulfate salt stabilized with potassium or sodium chloride.

Typical: 1,500 mg

A sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is a major structural component of cartilage, where it holds water and resists compression.

Typical: 800–1,200 mg

SAMe is the body's principal methyl donor, made from methionine and ATP, and participates in neurotransmitter synthesis, phospholipid methylation, and cartilage proteoglycan production.

Typical: 400–1,600 mg

A branded, undenatured (native) type II collagen from chicken sternum cartilage that works through a different route than hydrolyzed collagen: tiny oral doses are thought to induce immune tolerance to joint collagen via gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Typical: 40 mg

Chlorella is a single-celled freshwater green alga, most commonly Chlorella vulgaris, grown in tanks and dried into a fine green powder.

Typical: 2–5 g

The hydrochloride salt of glucosamine, which is more concentrated and more stable than the sulfate form and therefore cheaper per milligram of glucosamine.

Typical: 1,500 mg

Highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) is a glucose polymer made by acting on amylopectin with a branching enzyme, producing large cyclic molecules with a narrow molecular-weight distribution.

Typical: 15–30 g

D-mannose is a naturally occurring simple sugar related to glucose, found in cranberries and other fruits and made commercially from corn or wood sugars.

Typical: 1–2 g

A generic fruit and vegetable blend is a placeholder for the dried powders and juice concentrates of fruits, berries, and vegetables that appear in multivitamins, greens products, and whole-food-positioned formulas.

Typical: 1–5 g

Eggshell membrane is the thin protein layer between an egg's shell and white.

Typical: 500 mg

A salt of lithium with orotic acid sold at microgram-to-low-milligram lithium doses, hundreds of times below prescription lithium carbonate.

Typical: 1–5 mg

Tributyrin is a triglyceride made of three butyrate molecules bound to glycerol.

Typical: 300–1,000 mg

Wheatgrass is the young leaf of the wheat plant, harvested before the grain forms and dried into a bright green powder or freeze-dried juice powder.

Typical: 3–5 g

Isomaltulose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose joined by an alpha-1,6 bond, produced enzymatically from sucrose.

Typical: 15–30 g

Barley grass is the young leaf of Hordeum vulgare, harvested before the plant heads and dried or juiced into a green powder.

Typical: 3–5 g

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine found in wheat germ, aged cheese, soybeans, and mushrooms.

Typical: 1–6 mg

Ceramides are the lipids that make up much of the intercellular cement of the skin's outer layer and help it hold water.

Typical: 30–70 mg

D-chiro-inositol is a minor inositol isomer produced from myo-inositol by an insulin-dependent epimerase.

Typical: 100–600 mg

A vanadium(IV) salt that was popular in 1990s bodybuilding products and remains in some blood-sugar formulas.

Typical: 10–50 mg

Cynatine HNS is a branded, solubilized keratin produced from New Zealand sheep's wool by a patented process that keeps the protein bioavailable.

Typical: 500 mg