Ingredient directory

The form of vitamin D the body makes from sunlight and the most effective supplemental form for raising blood levels.

Typical: 1,000–2,000 IU

Ascorbic acid is the reference form of vitamin C and the most common form in supplements; NIH ODS notes its bioavailability equals that of vitamin C naturally present in food.

Typical: 250–1,000 mg

Cyanocobalamin is the synthetic, highly stable form of vitamin B12 used in most supplements and fortified foods.

Typical: 100–1,000 mcg

Folic acid is the fully oxidized, synthetic form of folate used in food fortification and most supplements.

Typical: 400–800 mcg

The succinate ester of natural (RRR or d-) alpha-tocopherol, the one vitamin E form the body maintains in plasma and the form on which the RDA is based.

Typical: 67–268 mg

Methylcobalamin is one of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 that the body uses directly, in this case for the methionine synthase reaction that recycles homocysteine and supports methylation.

Typical: 100–1,000 mcg

Menaquinone-7 is the long-chain vitamin K2 originally isolated from natto and now made by Bacillus fermentation or synthesis.

Typical: 90–200 mcg

Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin that serves as the cofactor for five carboxylase enzymes in fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism.

Typical: 300–5,000 mcg

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is the standard, inexpensive, and highly stable form of vitamin B6 used in nearly all multivitamins and B-complex products.

Typical: 1.7–50 mg

Niacinamide is the amide form of vitamin B3 and the niacin source used in most multivitamins because it delivers full NAD-precursor activity without the skin flush of nicotinic acid.

Typical: 16–35 mg

L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate is the main circulating form of folate and the form cells use directly for homocysteine remethylation, so it bypasses the MTHFR enzyme step that is less active in people carrying the common 677C>T variant.

Typical: 400–1,000 mcg

Retinyl palmitate is an ester of retinol and the most common preformed vitamin A used in supplements and multivitamins.

Typical: 750–1,050 mcg

Chemically identical cholecalciferol extracted from lichen rather than sheep's wool lanolin, which lets a product carry vegan and vegetarian claims while keeping the D3 form that raises and holds serum 25(OH)D better than D2.

Typical: 1,000–2,000 IU

Thiamin hydrochloride is one of the two standard water-soluble salts of vitamin B1 used in supplements (the other is the mononitrate).

Typical: 1.5–100 mg

Nicotinic acid is the acid form of vitamin B3 and, with nicotinamide, one of the two standard niacin sources in supplements.

Typical: 16–35 mg

Sodium ascorbate is the sodium salt of ascorbic acid.

Typical: 250–1,000 mg

Riboflavin is the yellow, water-soluble B vitamin that the body builds into the flavin coenzymes FMN and FAD, which drive energy production and the recycling of other vitamins including B6, folate, and niacin.

Typical: 1.3–400 mg

Beta-carotene is an orange plant pigment that the body can split into retinol as needed, which is why it is called provitamin A.

Typical: 3–15 mg

Choline bitartrate is the tartaric acid salt of choline and the most economical way to add this essential nutrient to a formula.

Typical: 250–550 mg

Phylloquinone is the plant form of vitamin K found in leafy greens and the main dietary form.

Typical: 90–200 mcg

Calcium pantothenate is the stable calcium salt used to deliver pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), the building block of coenzyme A and therefore of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism.

Typical: 10–500 mg

A natural oil concentrate containing all four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) in roughly the proportions found in vegetable oils, usually with gamma-tocopherol dominant.

Typical: 100–400 mg

Ergocalciferol is the plant and fungal form of vitamin D, produced by UV irradiation of ergosterol from yeast or mushrooms.

Typical: 400–2,000 IU

Nicotinamide riboside is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3 that the body converts to NAD+ through a shorter route than niacin or niacinamide.

Typical: 250–500 mg

Calcium ascorbate is the calcium salt of vitamin C, commonly supplied as the dihydrate.

Typical: 250–1,000 mg

Nicotinamide mononucleotide is the phosphorylated intermediate between nicotinamide riboside and NAD+ and one of the most popular healthy-aging ingredients.

Typical: 250–600 mg

Menaquinone-4 is the short-chain vitamin K2 that the body itself makes from phylloquinone and the form present in meat, eggs, and dairy.

Typical: 100–1,500 mcg

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 and the form measured in blood to assess B6 status.

Typical: 1.7–50 mg

Benfotiamine is a synthetic, lipid-soluble derivative of thiamin that is converted to thiamin in the body.

Typical: 150–600 mg

Tocotrienols are the four unsaturated members of the vitamin E family (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), distinguished from tocopherols by a three-double-bond side chain that lets them move through membranes more freely.

Riboflavin 5'-phosphate is the phosphorylated coenzyme form of vitamin B2 (flavin mononucleotide), supplied as its sodium salt.

Typical: 1.3–25 mg

Folinic acid (5-formyltetrahydrofolate) is a reduced, metabolically active folate supplied as its calcium salt.

Typical: 400–800 mcg

Ascorbyl palmitate is an ester of ascorbic acid and palmitic acid that is soluble in fat rather than water.

Adenosylcobalamin is the mitochondrial coenzyme form of vitamin B12, required by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase to feed odd-chain fatty acids and certain amino acids into the citric acid cycle.

Typical: 100–1,000 mcg