Ingredient directory

Coenzyme Q10 in its oxidized form, ubiquinone, is the standard, most-studied CoQ10 ingredient.

Typical: 100–300 mg

Alpha-lipoic acid is a sulfur-containing compound that serves as a mitochondrial enzyme cofactor and a water- and fat-soluble antioxidant.

Typical: 300–600 mg

Lutein is a yellow xanthophyll carotenoid that concentrates in the macula of the eye, where it filters blue light and quenches reactive oxygen species.

Typical: 10–20 mg

Trans-resveratrol is a stilbene polyphenol found in grape skin, red wine, and, in far higher concentration, Japanese knotweed root, which is the usual commercial source.

Typical: 150–500 mg

Ubiquinol is the reduced, active antioxidant form of coenzyme Q10 and the form that predominates in blood.

Typical: 100–200 mg

Astaxanthin is a red keto-carotenoid produced by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis and responsible for the pink color of salmon and krill.

Typical: 4–12 mg

Quercetin dihydrate is the standard crystalline form of the flavonol quercetin, typically extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds and supplied at 95% or higher purity.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Zeaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid and structural isomer of lutein that concentrates in the central macula.

Typical: 2–4 mg

Lycopene is the red carotenoid that gives tomatoes, watermelon, and pink grapefruit their color.

Typical: 10–30 mg

Quercetin phytosome is quercetin complexed with sunflower lecithin phospholipids, sold as Quercefit by Indena.

Typical: 250–500 mg

R-alpha-lipoic acid is the naturally occurring enantiomer of lipoic acid, the form made in mitochondria and used as a cofactor for energy-producing enzymes.

Typical: 100–300 mg

Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a redox cofactor found in trace amounts in foods such as natto, kiwi, and green tea.

Typical: 10–20 mg

Hesperidin is the main flavanone glycoside of orange peel and is the principal component of most citrus bioflavonoid complexes.

Typical: 500 mg

Pterostilbene is a methylated analog of resveratrol found in blueberries and Pterocarpus wood.

Typical: 50–250 mg

Rutin is the glycoside of quercetin bound to the sugar rutinose, usually extracted from Sophora japonica or buckwheat.

Typical: 250–500 mg

Fisetin is a flavonol found in strawberries, apples, and onions and extracted commercially from smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria) or wax tree wood.

Typical: 100–500 mg

Luteolin is a flavone found in celery, parsley, peppers, and chamomile that is studied for mast-cell stabilization and neuro-inflammatory signaling.

Typical: 100 mg