Ingredient directory

Fish oil concentrate is a refined marine oil enriched in the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Typical: 500–2,000 mg

A chelated form of magnesium bound to the amino acid glycine.

Typical: 200–350 mg

Magnesium bound to citric acid, one of the best-selling magnesium forms because it is inexpensive, dissolves readily, and has shown good bioavailability in comparison studies.

Typical: 150–350 mg

Coenzyme Q10 in its oxidized form, ubiquinone, is the standard, most-studied CoQ10 ingredient.

Typical: 100–300 mg

Cyanocobalamin is the synthetic, highly stable form of vitamin B12 used in most supplements and fortified foods.

Typical: 100–1,000 mcg

An isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from plants such as barberry, goldenseal, and Coptis, supplied as the hydrochloride salt.

Typical: 900–1,500 mg

Folic acid is the fully oxidized, synthetic form of folate used in food fortification and most supplements.

Typical: 400–800 mcg

A leaf extract of Camellia sinensis concentrated for catechins, especially EGCG, with a small amount of naturally occurring caffeine.

Typical: 300–500 mg

A non-protein amino acid that the kidneys convert to arginine, raising plasma arginine more efficiently than oral arginine itself.

Typical: 6–8 g

A sulfur-containing amino acid abundant in muscle, heart, and brain, and a familiar ingredient in energy drinks and pre-workouts.

Typical: 1–3 g

The succinate ester of natural (RRR or d-) alpha-tocopherol, the one vitamin E form the body maintains in plasma and the form on which the RDA is based.

Typical: 67–268 mg

Methylcobalamin is one of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 that the body uses directly, in this case for the methionine synthase reaction that recycles homocysteine and supports methylation.

Typical: 100–1,000 mcg

Dried and milled beet root or beet juice, used in pre-workout, endurance, and heart-health powders as a whole-food source of dietary nitrate.

Typical: 5–10 g

A leaf extract from the ginkgo tree standardized to flavone glycosides and terpene lactones, long used in memory and circulation formulas.

Typical: 120–240 mg

Menaquinone-7 is the long-chain vitamin K2 originally isolated from natto and now made by Bacillus fermentation or synthesis.

Typical: 90–200 mcg

Psyllium husk is the seed coat of Plantago ovata, a soluble, gel-forming fiber that holds many times its weight in water.

Typical: 5–10 g

Krill oil is extracted from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a small crustacean.

Typical: 500–2,000 mg

The most concentrated common potassium source at about 52% elemental potassium, and the salt used in most blood-pressure trials of potassium supplementation.

Typical: 99–500 mg

Trans-resveratrol is a stilbene polyphenol found in grape skin, red wine, and, in far higher concentration, Japanese knotweed root, which is the usual commercial source.

Typical: 150–500 mg

Ubiquinol is the reduced, active antioxidant form of coenzyme Q10 and the form that predominates in blood.

Typical: 100–200 mg

L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate is the main circulating form of folate and the form cells use directly for homocysteine remethylation, so it bypasses the MTHFR enzyme step that is less active in people carrying the common 677C>T variant.

Typical: 400–1,000 mcg

Algal DHA is docosahexaenoic acid produced by fermenting marine microalgae such as Schizochytrium, the same organisms that fish obtain their DHA from.

Typical: 200–500 mg

Quercetin dihydrate is the standard crystalline form of the flavonol quercetin, typically extracted from Sophora japonica flower buds and supplied at 95% or higher purity.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Spirulina is a dried cyanobacterium (Arthrospira platensis or A.

Typical: 1–5 g

A conditionally essential amino acid and the direct substrate for nitric-oxide synthase.

Typical: 3–6 g

A methyl donor derived from sugar beets that lowers homocysteine and acts as an osmolyte in muscle cells.

Typical: 1.25–2.5 g

Aged garlic extract is produced by soaking sliced garlic in aqueous ethanol for many months, a process that converts harsh, unstable sulfur compounds into odorless, water-soluble ones such as S-allylcysteine.

Typical: 600–1,200 mg

Thiamin hydrochloride is one of the two standard water-soluble salts of vitamin B1 used in supplements (the other is the mononitrate).

Typical: 1.5–100 mg

Black seed oil is cold-pressed from Nigella sativa seeds, a spice with a long history of traditional use across the Middle East and South Asia.

Typical: 500–2,000 mg

Cod liver oil is pressed from the livers of Atlantic cod.

Typical: 1,000–2,000 mg

Nicotinic acid is the acid form of vitamin B3 and, with nicotinamide, one of the two standard niacin sources in supplements.

Typical: 16–35 mg

Potassium bound to citric acid, about 36% elemental potassium as the monohydrate.

Typical: 99–500 mg

The ground inner bark of Cinnamomum verum, the Sri Lankan species preferred for supplements because it contains far less coumarin than cassia cinnamon.

Typical: 1,000–3,000 mg

Chlorella is a single-celled freshwater green alga, most commonly Chlorella vulgaris, grown in tanks and dried into a fine green powder.

Typical: 2–5 g

Red yeast rice is rice fermented with the mold Monascus purpureus, a traditional Chinese food and remedy.

Typical: 1,200–2,400 mg

Nitrosigine is a patented complex of L-arginine bound with silicate and stabilized by inositol, developed by Nutrition21.

Typical: 1,500 mg

Flaxseed oil is cold-pressed from flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds and is the richest common plant source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), a short-chain omega-3 that typically makes up 50-60% of the oil.

Typical: 1,000–3,000 mg

Grape seed extract is a concentrated polyphenol fraction prepared from the seeds left over after winemaking or juice pressing.

Typical: 150–300 mg

Lycopene is the red carotenoid that gives tomatoes, watermelon, and pink grapefruit their color.

Typical: 10–30 mg

Phylloquinone is the plant form of vitamin K found in leafy greens and the main dietary form.

Typical: 90–200 mcg

Olive leaf extract is prepared from the leaves of Olea europaea and standardized to oleuropein, the bitter secoiridoid that also gives olive oil part of its character.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Pine bark extract is a polyphenol-rich extract of French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) bark, standardized to oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs).

Typical: 50–200 mg

A concentrated beet root extract standardized to a declared nitrate content so that a nitric-oxide dose can be delivered in a capsule or small scoop instead of gram-level powder.

Typical: 300–500 mg

Bilberry is a European relative of the blueberry whose fruit is rich in anthocyanins, the purple pigments studied for eye and vascular support.

Typical: 80–320 mg

Potassium bound to gluconic acid, a mild-tasting salt with only about 16.7% elemental potassium, so it is bulky per milligram of potassium.

Typical: 99–300 mg

A natural oil concentrate containing all four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) in roughly the proportions found in vegetable oils, usually with gamma-tocopherol dominant.

Typical: 100–400 mg

DE111 is a trademarked strain of Bacillus subtilis, a spore-forming soil and gut organism, supplied by Deerland (now part of ADM).

Typical: 1–5 B CFU

Red clover is a legume whose flowering tops contain the isoflavones biochanin A, formononetin, genistein, and daidzein.

Typical: 40–80 mg

A highly soluble magnesium salt sold as the hexahydrate, which is about 12% elemental magnesium.

Typical: 100–300 mg

An extract of pomegranate fruit or peel standardized to punicalagins or ellagic acid, the polyphenols responsible for its antioxidant reputation, used in heart, antioxidant, and exercise-recovery formulas.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Quercetin phytosome is quercetin complexed with sunflower lecithin phospholipids, sold as Quercefit by Indena.

Typical: 250–500 mg

An extract of globe artichoke leaves standardized to cynarin and caffeoylquinic acids, used in digestive, liver, and cholesterol-support formulas.

Typical: 320–640 mg

A branded curcumin form that uses a hydrophilic carrier to make curcuminoids water-dispersible.

Typical: 250–500 mg

An extract of a small creeping herb used across Asian traditional systems and now included in cognitive, skin, and circulation formulas.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Menaquinone-4 is the short-chain vitamin K2 that the body itself makes from phylloquinone and the form present in meat, eggs, and dairy.

Typical: 100–1,500 mcg

A branded water-soluble extract of cinnamon bark concentrated for type-A polyphenol polymers and largely free of the fat-soluble coumarins and volatile oils found in whole bark.

Typical: 250–500 mg

A complex of magnesium with the amino acid taurine, chosen for cardiovascular and calming formulas because both components are studied in relation to blood pressure and nervous-system excitability.

Typical: 100–300 mg

An extract of the deep red calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa, the plant behind hibiscus tea, used in heart-health and hydration formulas.

Typical: 500–1,000 mg

Hesperidin is the main flavanone glycoside of orange peel and is the principal component of most citrus bioflavonoid complexes.

Typical: 500 mg

Pterostilbene is a methylated analog of resveratrol found in blueberries and Pterocarpus wood.

Typical: 50–250 mg

Rutin is the glycoside of quercetin bound to the sugar rutinose, usually extracted from Sophora japonica or buckwheat.

Typical: 250–500 mg

Tocotrienols are the four unsaturated members of the vitamin E family (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), distinguished from tocopherols by a three-double-bond side chain that lets them move through membranes more freely.